Which structure of the eye is responsible for color vision?

The structure responsible for color vision in the eye is the cones. These photoreceptor cells are located predominantly in the retina and are essential for detecting different wavelengths of light, which correspond to various colors. Cones operate best in bright light conditions and allow for high-acuity vision as well as the ability to perceive color. There are three types of cones sensitive to different segments of the light spectrum: short (blue), medium (green), and long (red), which together enable the perception of a wide range of colors.

The other structures mentioned do serve important functions in vision but are not directly responsible for color vision. Rods, for instance, are more sensitive to light and motion but are not involved in detecting color. The macula is a critical area of the retina providing sharp central vision, while the pupils regulate the amount of light entering the eye but do not play a role in color perception.